Outline+Page

= __ Buil﻿ding a German Nation __ = __ ﻿ __ = __Taking Initial Steps Toward Unity __ = =__ Napoleon Raids German Lands __=
 * 1) === In the early 1800s, German-speaking people lived in a number of small and medium-sized states as well as in Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg empire. ﻿ ===
 * 2) === Between 1806 and 1812, Napoleon invaded Germany and made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands ===
 * 3) === Some Germans welcomed Napoleon while others tried to free their land from the French's control. They began to demand a unified German state. ===
 * 4) === A united Germany would require dismantling the government of each German state. Instead, the peacemakers created the German Confederation ===

= __Economic Changes Promote Unity__  =
 * 1) === In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein. This dismantled tariff barriers between many German states. ===
 * 2) === In 1848 the Frankfurt Assembly demanded German political unity. They even offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia. However, he turned it down. ===

= __ Bismarck Unites Germany __ =
 * 1) === ﻿﻿﻿Bismarck came from Prussia's Junker class (made up of conservative landowning nobles) ===
 * 2) === Within a decade of 1862 Bismarck became Chancellor (highest official of a monarch) ===
 * 3) === German States united under Prussian's rule because Bismarck used his policy of "Blood and Iron". ===

=__ Master of Relpolitik __=
 * 1) === Otto von Bismarck's success was partly due to his strong will and the fact that he was a master of Realpolitik or real politics ===
 * 2) === He was not really a German Nationalist. His true loyalty belonged to the Hohenzollerns (ruling dynasty of Prussia) ===

=__ Strengthening the Army __=
 * 1) === Bismarck's first move was to build the Prussian Army ===
 * 2) === Despite his "Blood and Iron" speech he was refused the funds that are needed to build the army. So he ended up getting the money that was collected for other purposes ===
 * 3) === Over the next decade, Bismarck led Prussia into three wars. Each war increased Prussian prestige, power and paved the way for German unity. ===

= __Prussia Declares War With Denmark and Austria__ =
 * 1) === Bismarck’s first maneuver was to form an alliance in 1864 with Austria ===
 * 2) === Their alliance helped them seize Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. Austria was to administer Holstein and Prussia was to administer Schleswig. ===
 * 3) === In 1866, Bismarck invented a plan to attack Austria ===
 * 4) === The Austro-Prussian War lasted just seven weeks and ended with a victory for Prussia. Prussia then took control of several other north German states ===
 * 5) === A new confederation dominated was created by Prussia. However, he allowed Austria and four other southern German states to remain independent ===

=__ France Declares War on Prussia __=
 * 1) === In France, the Prussian victory over Austria angered Napoleon III. ===
 * 2) === This led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 ===
 * 3) === Bismarck played up the image of the French menace to spur German nationalism ===
 * 4) === Otto von Bismark created a fake telegram that reported on a meeting between King William I and the French ambassador. He made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchman. This made Napoleon III furious. So Napoleon declared war on Prussia, as Bismarck had hoped. ===

= __ Birth of the German Empire __ =
 * 1) === Princes from the southern German states and the North German Confederation persuaded William I of Prussia to take the title kaiser, or emperor﻿. ===
 * 2) === In January of 1871, German nationalists celebrated the birth of the Second Reich, or empire. They called it that because they considered it heir to the Holy Roman Empire. ===
 * 3) === A constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature. ===
 * 4) === The Bundesrat, or the upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German states. Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag. ===
 * 5) === The Reichstag, or the lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage. ===
 * 6) ===  Real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.  ===

= __Ge﻿rmany ﻿Strengthens __ =
 * 1) === ﻿ Germany was now the dominant power in Europe.  ===

= __ Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant __ =
 * 1) === By the late 1800s, German chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard worldwide. ===
 * 2) === Germany, like Great Britain, possessed several of the factors that made industrialization possible. ===
 * 3) === Germany’s growth was due to their iron and coal resources, which are the basic ingredients for industrial development. ===
 * 4) === A disciplined and educated workforce also helped the economy. The German middle class and educated professionals helped to create a productive and efficient society that prided itself on its sense of responsibility and deference to authority. ===
 * 5) === Germany went from 41 million people to 67 million by 1914 ===
 * 6) === During the 1850s and 1860s, Germans had founded large companies and built many railroads. ===
 * 7) === After the year 1871, the house of Krupp becoming an enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market. ===
 * 8) ===  Between 1871 and 1914, the business tycoon August Thyssen built a small steel factory of 70 workers into a giant empire with 50,000 employees.  ===

=__ Promoting Scientific and Economic Development __=
 * 1) ===﻿ German industrialists were the first to see the value of applied science in developing new products such as artificially made chemicals and dyes. ===
 * 2) ===  Industrialists andthe govermant supported research and development in the universities, and hired trained scientists to solve technological problems in their factories.  ===

= __ The Iron Chancellor __ =
 * 1) === As the Iron Chancellor, Bismarck pursued several foreign-policy goals. ===
 * 2) === He wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links with Austria and Russia. ===
 * 3) === On the domestic front, Bismarck the same methods he used before to achieve unification. ===
 * 4) === He wanted to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state. ===
 * 5) ===  He targeted two groups—the Catholic Church and the Socialists. He thought the posed as a threat to the New German Empire.  ===

=__ Campaign Against the Church __=
 * 1) === After unification, Catholics made up about a third of the German population. ===
 * 2) === Bismarck, who was Lutheran, distrusted Catholics. Especially the clergy, whose first loyalty, he believed, was to the pope instead of to Germany. ===
 * 3) === Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf (kool toor kahmpf), or “battle for civilization,” which lasted from 1871 to 1878. His goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church. ===
 * 4) === Bismarck’s moves against the Catholic Church backfired. The faithful rallied behind the Church, and the Catholic Center party gained strength in the Reichstag. ===
 * 5) ===  Because Bismarck was a realist he saw his mistake and worked to make peace with the Church.  ===

=__ Campaign Against the Socialists __=
 * 1) === By the late 1870s, German Marxists had organized the Social Democratic party, which called for parliamentary democracy and laws to improve conditions for the working class. ===
 * 2) === Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution. ===
 * 3) === Bismarck had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings. ===
 * 4) === Bismarck tryed to turn workers away from socialism by sponsoring laws to protect them. ===
 * 5) === By the 1890s, Germans had health and accident insurance as well as old-age insurance to provide retirement benefits. ===
 * 6) === Even though Bismarck tryed to turn the away from socialism they still did not abandon it. In fact, the Social Democratic party continued to grow in strength. ===
 * 7) === By 1912, it held more seats in the Reichstag than any other party. ===
 * 8) === Bismarck’s program showed that conditions for workers could be improved without the upheaval of a revolution. ===